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Figure 6 shows how the MSO distribution becomes increasingly distorted as social pressure (S) increases (also see Supplementary Figure S3). Although social pressure in the modern world almost universally pushes the curve toward the OS end of the continuum, the model suggests that pressure toward the SS end of the continuum will produce symmetrical changes in that direction.
Mean MSO scores for self-labeled gender and orientation. Res. 15, 5–14. In some societies, people are allowed in varying degrees to describe themselves in other ways – in the US, by using the labels “gay” or “bisexual,” for example. Attitudes toward bisexual men and women among a nationally representative probability sample of adults in the United States.
The former sample produced a near-normal MSO distribution (Supplementary Figure S6A, Skp = 0.06); the latter produced a somewhat positively skewed curve (Supplementary Figure S6B, Skp = 0.43).
4. In addition, the mean MSO score for females was significantly higher than the mean MSO score for males.
MSO scores were substantially higher for people who said their SO had changed than for people who said their SO had never changed (MChanged = 9.6, SD = 2.7; MUnchanged = 7.5, SD = 3.7; Mann-Whitney U = 2.3 × 1011, p < 0.001; Cohen’s d = 0.65).
In a sense, the strongest social pressure of all is for people not to be bisexual! Psychol. Homosex. 57, 1105–1123. Once one adopts a label, one is also sometimes discouraged from switching to a different one, even if one’s sexual inclinations are changing (American Psychological Association Task Force, 2009). J.
Public Health 100, 468–475. At first glance, the relationship between the level of distress people reported regarding their SO and their deviation scores appeared to be relatively weak (ρ = 0.14, p < 0.001). State-sponsored homophobia 2020: global legislation overview update.
doi: 10.1126/science.236.4808.1527
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On the motivational nature of cognitive dissonance: dissonance as psychological discomfort. J. He also developed this theme in his classic Civilization and Its Discontents (Freud, 1930) and other works (e.g., Freud, 1950). Dimensions of sexual orientation and the prevalence of mood and anxiety disorders in the United States. The MSO distributions of those age groups were similar in shape, with the curve for the younger group closer to normal (Figure 7) (Kolmogorov–Smirnov D = 0.09, p < 0.001).
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Participants reported their educational attainment level as follows: 21.0% had not completed high school, 44.4% had a high school diploma, 4.0% had an associate’s degree or equivalent, 22.9% had a bachelor’s degree, 6.0% had a master’s degree, and 1.7% had a doctorate.
Participants were also asked whether they had ever changed their SO and to estimate, on two 10-point scales, how much uncertainty and distress they felt regarding their SO.
The questionnaire itself contained 18 items, half of which asked about SS sexual fantasies, attractions, and behaviors, both past and present, and the other half of which asked about OS inclinations of the same sort (see Supplementary materials for the complete list of questionnaire items and the scoring method).